Metaphor

Metaphor: A figure of speech using an implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitutin of one for the other, suggesting similarity. 

Example: 

"My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;"

              (Sonnet 130, Shakespeare"

This is a methaphor because he's comapring her mistress eyes to the sun. Even though he says that her eyes do not shine at all. He's comaring them to the sun and how they do not glow like it. 

Flashback

Flashback:  Returning to an earlier time in a narrative for the purpose of making something in the present clearer.

Example:
" When he was nearly thirteen, my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow."
                          (To Kill A Mokingbird, Nell Harper Lee, pg.2)

This is an example of a flashback because Scout is starting the book by going back to the summer when  her brother broke his arm. This let's us know that she's not that age anymore and that she's going to tell the story in the point of view of her when she was younger.

Extended Metaphor

Extended Metaphor: A metaphor developed at length, ocurring frequently in or throughout a work. 

Example:
"Hope is the thing with feathers
That perches in the soul, 
And sings the tune- without the words,
And never stops at all, 
And sweetest in the gale is heard; 
And sore must be the storm
That could abash the little bird
That kept so many warm.
I've heard it in the chillest land,
And on the strongest sea;
Yet, never, in extremity,
It asked a crumb of me."

(Little Bird, Emily Dickinson)

This is an example of extended metaphor because it compares many things to the little bird. Throught the whole poem she compares the bird to many things without actually saying it's a bird. 

Post oc/ ergo propter hoc

Post oc/ ergo propter hoc: (also called the post hoc fallacy) When a writer implies that because one thing follows another, the first caused the second. Confusing with causation.

Example:
" He said his father laid mighty sick once, and some of them catched a bird, and his old granny said his father would die, and he did."
                             (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.45)

In ths quote Jim is impling that because that granny cathced the bird his grandfather died.

Persona

Persona: The fictional voice (or mask) that a writer adopts to tell a story. Persona or voice is usually determined by a combination or subject matter and audience.

Example:
"You don't know about me, without you have read a book by the name of 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer," but that ain't the matter. That book was made by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly."
           (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.1)

In this quote we can see that Huck is trying to be his own persona. Mark Twain is Huck, he is hiding behind that "Mask" and he's adopting the persona of Huck.

Predicate Nominative

Predicate Nominative: A second type of subject compliment- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that remanes the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence.

Example:
" Col. Grangerford was a gentleman, you see."
                                        (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.105)

In this sentence the predicate nominative is "gentleman" which is describing Col. Grangerford.

Predicate Adjective

Predicate Adjective: One type of subject complement- an adjective, group of adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is the predicate of the sentence and modifies, or describes, the subject.

Example:
"He was most fifty, and he looked it. His hair was long and tangled and greasy, and hung down, and you could see his eyes shining through like he was behind vines. It was all black, no gray; so was his long, mixed-up whiskers."
                                  (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.19)

In this senctence the ajectives are "long",  "tangled" and "greasy" to describe Pap. In this case those are the adjectives.

Invective

Invective: An emotionally violent verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.

Example:
" Well,I'll learn her how to meddle. And looky here- you drop that school, you hear? I'll learn people to bring up a boy to put on airs over his own father and let on to be better'n what he is. You lemme catch you fooling around that school again, you hear? Your mother couldn't read, and she couldn't write, nuther, before she died. None of the family couldn't, before they died. I can't; and here you're a-swelling yourself up like this. I ain't the man to stand it- you hear?.."
                       (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.19-20)

This is an example of invective because Pap is trying to let Huck know that he will not tolerate him going to school. He feels like if he didn't know how to read then neither could he. His mom didn't know how to read, she died and she still coulnd't read. Therefore Pap felt like it was disrespectful to his mother's memory and he shouldn't go to school.

Euphemism

Euphemism: (From the Greek,"good speech") A more agreable or less unpleasant substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept.

Example:
" Shucks, it ain't no use to talk to you, Fuck Finn. You don't seem to know anything, somehow-perfect sap-head."
                                       (Huckleberry Fin, Pg.14)

This is euphemism because Jim calls Huck a "Sap-head." That could mean anything he might of tried and called him "hard headed" or something else but instead he calls him a "sap-head."

Epigraph

Epigraph: A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work that is suggestive of the theme.

Example:
"By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant."
                      (Frederick Douglass, Pg.1)

This is an example of epigraph because by reading the first sentence we know that the main theme of the story is the harshness of slavery. We know this because he says the "wish of most masters" to keep them ignorant. Which the impact of ignorance coudl be aother theme.

Either/ or fallacy

Either/ or fallacy: Reducing an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignoring possible alternatives.

Example:
" Well,then, what did you want to kill him for?"
"Why nothing- only it's on account of the feud."
              (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.108)

This is a fallacy because both of the boys do not know what they are talking about. They both dont feel like killing someone is something normal since it's a "feud." They could of tried and scare the other boy, but instead Buck decided that it was nice to try and actually kill him.

Didactic

Didactic: (from the Greek,"teaching") A term used to describe a work that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of moral or ethical behavior or thinking.

Example:
" It was fifteeen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger- but I done it, and warn't ever sorry for it afterwards, neither. I didn't do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldn't done that one if I'd knowed it would make him feel that way."
           (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.87)

This is a good example of a didactic situation because he's teaching us a lesson. He's trying to tell us that there is no difference is apologizing to a black person from apologizing to a white person. He says that he wasn't sorry for it and therefore we shouldn't eather. (During that time)

Colloquial/Colloquialism

Colloquial/Colloquialism: The use of slang or informalities in speech if writting. Colloquial expressions in writting include local or regional dialects and usage. Colloquialisms are to be avoided in formal writting.

Example:
" Starchy clothes-very. You think you're a good deal of a big-bug, don't you?"
                         (Hucklebery Finn, Pg.19)

This is an example of what Pap (Hucks father) said to him while he was yelling at him for being educated. He calls him a big-bug which is a slang for something else. It could bea "tough guy" or "better than me", but instead he uses the slan "big-bug."

Caricature

Caricature: A grotesque likeness of striking characteristics in persons or things.

Example:
" Col. Grangerford was very tall and very slim, and had a darkish-paly complexion, not a sign of red in it anywhere; he was clean-shaved every morning, all over his thin face, and he had the thinnest kind of lips , an the thinnest kind of nostrils, and a high nose, and heavy eyebrows, and the blackest kinds of eyes, sunk so deep back that they seemed like they was looking out of caverns at you, as you may say."
                                         (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.105)

This is an example of caricature because Huck is descrbing Col. Grangerford just the way he is. He might of exaggerated but he still described Col. Grangerford in a way that we can picture just the way he is.

Bombast

Bombast: Inflated language; the use of high-sounding language for a trivial subject.

Example: " 'Well' says Buck, 'a feud is this way. A man has a quarrel with another man, and kills him; then that other man's brother kills him; then the other brothers, on both sides, goes for one another; then the cousins chip in- and by-an-by everybody's killed off, and there ain't no more feud. But it's kind of slow, and takes a long time.'"
                  ( Huckleberry Finn, Pg. 109)

This is an example of bombast because Buck is trying to make the feud sound more important of what really is. He tries to make it sound like it's something which they couldn't live without. He is making it a lifestyle. When it really is not that important.

Chronlogical Order

Chronological Order: arrangement by the order in which the things occur; usually moves from past to present. In reverse chronological order, events are told from present to past.

Example:
               "I took the axe and smashed in the dorr- I beat it and hacked it considerable, a-doing it. I fetched the pig  in and took him back nearly to the table and hacked into his throat with the axe, and laid him down on the ground to bleed- I say ground, because it was ground- hard packed, and no boards. Well, next I took an old sack and put a lot of big rocks in it- all I could drag- and I started it from the pig and dragged it to the door and through the woods down to the river and dumped it in, and down it sunk, out of sight. You could easy see that something had been dragged over the ground. I did wish Tom Sawyer was there, I knowed he would taje an interest in this kind of business, and throw in the fancy touches. Nobody could spread humself like Tom Sawyer in such a thing as that.
                  Well, last I pulled out some of my hair, and bloddied the axe good, and stuck it on the back side, and slung the axe in the corner. Then I took up the pig and held him to my breat with my jacket ( so he couldn't drip) till I got a good piece below the house and then dumped him into the river."
                                          (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.33)

In this reverse chronological order Huck is telling us step by step what he did so he could get away from his dad. He tells us the things he did from the beggining to the time when he left. He says how he killed the pig to the time when he dumped it in the river so that no one could ever find him.

Aphorism

Aphorism: A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of an author's point , or it can be a focusing device at the beginning of the essay.

Example:
"Well, I did, I said I wouldn't., and I'll stick to it. Honest injun I will. People would call me a low down Ablitionist and despise me for keeping mum- but that  don't make no difference. I ain't agoing to tell, and I ain't agoing back there anyways. So now, le's know all about it."
                (Huckeberry Finn, Pg.43)

This sentence contains aphorism. Huck is referring to an abolitionist which back then were hated for trying to try and stop slavery. That was a truth back then in Huck's time, which he is referring to. He knows that if people would find out about that he was helpin Jim he would get in trouble and be hated for it.

Figurative of Speech

Figurative of Speech: A device used to produce figurative language. Examples: apostrophe, metaphor, personafication, simile. etc.

Example:
" Then away out in the woods I heard that kind of sound that a ghost makes when it wants to tell about something that's on its mind and can't make itself understood, and so can't rest esy in its grave and has to go about that way every night grieving."

This is an example of personafication. He's giving a ghost the wuality of a human being. A ghost cannot grieve and cannot talk. Therefore the ghost did not want to tell him anything.

Atmosphere

Atmosphere: The emotional mood created by the entirely of a literally work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can be contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently, atmospheric foreshadows events.

Example:
" The stars was shining, and the leaves rustled in the woods ever so mournful; and I heard an owl, away off, who-whooing about somebody that was dead, and a whippowill and a dog crying about somebody that was going to die; and the wind was trying tow hisper something to me and I coulnd't make out what it was, and so it made the cold shivers run over me."

This is an example of atmosphere because it's describing how the weather it's outside. Although hes describing it in personafication. Also we can infer that something bad is about to happen, because it mentions death.

Antecedent

Antecedent: The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun, The AP exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a log, clomplex sentence or in a group of sentences.

Example:
"Tom and me found the money that the robbers hid in the cave, and it made us rich. We got six thousand dollars apiece- all gold. It was an awful sight of money when it was piled up. Well, Judge Thatcher, he took it and put it out at interest, and it fetched us a dollar a day apiece, all the year around-."

In this quote we see that Huckleberry and Tom found money in a hidden cave. Huckleberry did not have parents, therefore he wondered around all the tiem without getting any type of education. I guess they got caught and the Judge forced them to get a home.