Metaphor

Metaphor: A figure of speech using an implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitutin of one for the other, suggesting similarity. 

Example: 

"My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;"

              (Sonnet 130, Shakespeare"

This is a methaphor because he's comapring her mistress eyes to the sun. Even though he says that her eyes do not shine at all. He's comaring them to the sun and how they do not glow like it. 

Flashback

Flashback:  Returning to an earlier time in a narrative for the purpose of making something in the present clearer.

Example:
" When he was nearly thirteen, my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow."
                          (To Kill A Mokingbird, Nell Harper Lee, pg.2)

This is an example of a flashback because Scout is starting the book by going back to the summer when  her brother broke his arm. This let's us know that she's not that age anymore and that she's going to tell the story in the point of view of her when she was younger.

Extended Metaphor

Extended Metaphor: A metaphor developed at length, ocurring frequently in or throughout a work. 

Example:
"Hope is the thing with feathers
That perches in the soul, 
And sings the tune- without the words,
And never stops at all, 
And sweetest in the gale is heard; 
And sore must be the storm
That could abash the little bird
That kept so many warm.
I've heard it in the chillest land,
And on the strongest sea;
Yet, never, in extremity,
It asked a crumb of me."

(Little Bird, Emily Dickinson)

This is an example of extended metaphor because it compares many things to the little bird. Throught the whole poem she compares the bird to many things without actually saying it's a bird. 

Post oc/ ergo propter hoc

Post oc/ ergo propter hoc: (also called the post hoc fallacy) When a writer implies that because one thing follows another, the first caused the second. Confusing with causation.

Example:
" He said his father laid mighty sick once, and some of them catched a bird, and his old granny said his father would die, and he did."
                             (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.45)

In ths quote Jim is impling that because that granny cathced the bird his grandfather died.

Persona

Persona: The fictional voice (or mask) that a writer adopts to tell a story. Persona or voice is usually determined by a combination or subject matter and audience.

Example:
"You don't know about me, without you have read a book by the name of 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer," but that ain't the matter. That book was made by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly."
           (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.1)

In this quote we can see that Huck is trying to be his own persona. Mark Twain is Huck, he is hiding behind that "Mask" and he's adopting the persona of Huck.

Predicate Nominative

Predicate Nominative: A second type of subject compliment- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that remanes the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence.

Example:
" Col. Grangerford was a gentleman, you see."
                                        (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.105)

In this sentence the predicate nominative is "gentleman" which is describing Col. Grangerford.

Predicate Adjective

Predicate Adjective: One type of subject complement- an adjective, group of adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is the predicate of the sentence and modifies, or describes, the subject.

Example:
"He was most fifty, and he looked it. His hair was long and tangled and greasy, and hung down, and you could see his eyes shining through like he was behind vines. It was all black, no gray; so was his long, mixed-up whiskers."
                                  (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.19)

In this senctence the ajectives are "long",  "tangled" and "greasy" to describe Pap. In this case those are the adjectives.

Invective

Invective: An emotionally violent verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.

Example:
" Well,I'll learn her how to meddle. And looky here- you drop that school, you hear? I'll learn people to bring up a boy to put on airs over his own father and let on to be better'n what he is. You lemme catch you fooling around that school again, you hear? Your mother couldn't read, and she couldn't write, nuther, before she died. None of the family couldn't, before they died. I can't; and here you're a-swelling yourself up like this. I ain't the man to stand it- you hear?.."
                       (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.19-20)

This is an example of invective because Pap is trying to let Huck know that he will not tolerate him going to school. He feels like if he didn't know how to read then neither could he. His mom didn't know how to read, she died and she still coulnd't read. Therefore Pap felt like it was disrespectful to his mother's memory and he shouldn't go to school.

Euphemism

Euphemism: (From the Greek,"good speech") A more agreable or less unpleasant substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept.

Example:
" Shucks, it ain't no use to talk to you, Fuck Finn. You don't seem to know anything, somehow-perfect sap-head."
                                       (Huckleberry Fin, Pg.14)

This is euphemism because Jim calls Huck a "Sap-head." That could mean anything he might of tried and called him "hard headed" or something else but instead he calls him a "sap-head."

Epigraph

Epigraph: A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work that is suggestive of the theme.

Example:
"By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant."
                      (Frederick Douglass, Pg.1)

This is an example of epigraph because by reading the first sentence we know that the main theme of the story is the harshness of slavery. We know this because he says the "wish of most masters" to keep them ignorant. Which the impact of ignorance coudl be aother theme.

Either/ or fallacy

Either/ or fallacy: Reducing an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignoring possible alternatives.

Example:
" Well,then, what did you want to kill him for?"
"Why nothing- only it's on account of the feud."
              (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.108)

This is a fallacy because both of the boys do not know what they are talking about. They both dont feel like killing someone is something normal since it's a "feud." They could of tried and scare the other boy, but instead Buck decided that it was nice to try and actually kill him.

Didactic

Didactic: (from the Greek,"teaching") A term used to describe a work that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of moral or ethical behavior or thinking.

Example:
" It was fifteeen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger- but I done it, and warn't ever sorry for it afterwards, neither. I didn't do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldn't done that one if I'd knowed it would make him feel that way."
           (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.87)

This is a good example of a didactic situation because he's teaching us a lesson. He's trying to tell us that there is no difference is apologizing to a black person from apologizing to a white person. He says that he wasn't sorry for it and therefore we shouldn't eather. (During that time)

Colloquial/Colloquialism

Colloquial/Colloquialism: The use of slang or informalities in speech if writting. Colloquial expressions in writting include local or regional dialects and usage. Colloquialisms are to be avoided in formal writting.

Example:
" Starchy clothes-very. You think you're a good deal of a big-bug, don't you?"
                         (Hucklebery Finn, Pg.19)

This is an example of what Pap (Hucks father) said to him while he was yelling at him for being educated. He calls him a big-bug which is a slang for something else. It could bea "tough guy" or "better than me", but instead he uses the slan "big-bug."

Caricature

Caricature: A grotesque likeness of striking characteristics in persons or things.

Example:
" Col. Grangerford was very tall and very slim, and had a darkish-paly complexion, not a sign of red in it anywhere; he was clean-shaved every morning, all over his thin face, and he had the thinnest kind of lips , an the thinnest kind of nostrils, and a high nose, and heavy eyebrows, and the blackest kinds of eyes, sunk so deep back that they seemed like they was looking out of caverns at you, as you may say."
                                         (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.105)

This is an example of caricature because Huck is descrbing Col. Grangerford just the way he is. He might of exaggerated but he still described Col. Grangerford in a way that we can picture just the way he is.

Bombast

Bombast: Inflated language; the use of high-sounding language for a trivial subject.

Example: " 'Well' says Buck, 'a feud is this way. A man has a quarrel with another man, and kills him; then that other man's brother kills him; then the other brothers, on both sides, goes for one another; then the cousins chip in- and by-an-by everybody's killed off, and there ain't no more feud. But it's kind of slow, and takes a long time.'"
                  ( Huckleberry Finn, Pg. 109)

This is an example of bombast because Buck is trying to make the feud sound more important of what really is. He tries to make it sound like it's something which they couldn't live without. He is making it a lifestyle. When it really is not that important.

Chronlogical Order

Chronological Order: arrangement by the order in which the things occur; usually moves from past to present. In reverse chronological order, events are told from present to past.

Example:
               "I took the axe and smashed in the dorr- I beat it and hacked it considerable, a-doing it. I fetched the pig  in and took him back nearly to the table and hacked into his throat with the axe, and laid him down on the ground to bleed- I say ground, because it was ground- hard packed, and no boards. Well, next I took an old sack and put a lot of big rocks in it- all I could drag- and I started it from the pig and dragged it to the door and through the woods down to the river and dumped it in, and down it sunk, out of sight. You could easy see that something had been dragged over the ground. I did wish Tom Sawyer was there, I knowed he would taje an interest in this kind of business, and throw in the fancy touches. Nobody could spread humself like Tom Sawyer in such a thing as that.
                  Well, last I pulled out some of my hair, and bloddied the axe good, and stuck it on the back side, and slung the axe in the corner. Then I took up the pig and held him to my breat with my jacket ( so he couldn't drip) till I got a good piece below the house and then dumped him into the river."
                                          (Huckleberry Finn, Pg.33)

In this reverse chronological order Huck is telling us step by step what he did so he could get away from his dad. He tells us the things he did from the beggining to the time when he left. He says how he killed the pig to the time when he dumped it in the river so that no one could ever find him.

Aphorism

Aphorism: A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of an author's point , or it can be a focusing device at the beginning of the essay.

Example:
"Well, I did, I said I wouldn't., and I'll stick to it. Honest injun I will. People would call me a low down Ablitionist and despise me for keeping mum- but that  don't make no difference. I ain't agoing to tell, and I ain't agoing back there anyways. So now, le's know all about it."
                (Huckeberry Finn, Pg.43)

This sentence contains aphorism. Huck is referring to an abolitionist which back then were hated for trying to try and stop slavery. That was a truth back then in Huck's time, which he is referring to. He knows that if people would find out about that he was helpin Jim he would get in trouble and be hated for it.

Figurative of Speech

Figurative of Speech: A device used to produce figurative language. Examples: apostrophe, metaphor, personafication, simile. etc.

Example:
" Then away out in the woods I heard that kind of sound that a ghost makes when it wants to tell about something that's on its mind and can't make itself understood, and so can't rest esy in its grave and has to go about that way every night grieving."

This is an example of personafication. He's giving a ghost the wuality of a human being. A ghost cannot grieve and cannot talk. Therefore the ghost did not want to tell him anything.

Atmosphere

Atmosphere: The emotional mood created by the entirely of a literally work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can be contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently, atmospheric foreshadows events.

Example:
" The stars was shining, and the leaves rustled in the woods ever so mournful; and I heard an owl, away off, who-whooing about somebody that was dead, and a whippowill and a dog crying about somebody that was going to die; and the wind was trying tow hisper something to me and I coulnd't make out what it was, and so it made the cold shivers run over me."

This is an example of atmosphere because it's describing how the weather it's outside. Although hes describing it in personafication. Also we can infer that something bad is about to happen, because it mentions death.

Antecedent

Antecedent: The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun, The AP exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a log, clomplex sentence or in a group of sentences.

Example:
"Tom and me found the money that the robbers hid in the cave, and it made us rich. We got six thousand dollars apiece- all gold. It was an awful sight of money when it was piled up. Well, Judge Thatcher, he took it and put it out at interest, and it fetched us a dollar a day apiece, all the year around-."

In this quote we see that Huckleberry and Tom found money in a hidden cave. Huckleberry did not have parents, therefore he wondered around all the tiem without getting any type of education. I guess they got caught and the Judge forced them to get a home.

Genre

Genre: THe major category in which a literary work fits. Te basic divisions are poety, prose, and drama. However, subdivisions may also be called genres: prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) and non-fiction (essays, biography, journals, autobiography, etc.)

Example:
"Pretty soon I wanted to smoke, and asked the widow to let me. But she wouldn't . She said it was a mean practice and wasn't clean, and I must try and to not do it any more."

I believe that Adventures of Huckleberry Finn's genre is fiction. I don't really think that there is a cave where people might of hidden money, and then these boys found it. This can also be classified into a novel. Also the fact that the story is told by the point of view of a kid makes it a fiction story.

Point Of View : First Person

First Person Point Of View: Tells the story with the first person pronoun "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonists (the main character or hero/heroine), a participant (a secondary character), or an obsever( a character who merely watches the action).

Example:
"I couldn't stand it any longer, I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again.... "

In this quote the main character is talking about how he ound a sack of money hidden in a cave. Also how Widow Douglass took care of him like he was her son. Yet he didn't like the way they lived so he flew away.

Synecdoche

Synechdoche: A figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole thing.

Example:
" I lit out."
( Adventurs of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain, Pg.1)

This example is a synecdoche because it could mean that he cought on fire. But it's real meaning in the book is "I left."

Imagery

Imagery: Sensory details or figurative language used to describe , arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. May use terms related to the five sences: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfatory imagery. May be used with other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile, to create a strong, unified sensory impression.

Example:
" I had been at my new home but one week before Mr.Covey gave me a very severe whipping, cutting my back, causing the blood to run and raising ridges on my flesh as large as my little finger."

This is imagery because we can visualize the severe whipping. Even though it does not contain the five senses. It only uses visual, and tactile because we can "feel" the ridges on his back.

Begging the Question

Begging the Question: Often called circular reasoning, begging the question occurs when the believability of the evindence depends on the believability of the claim. On other words, one assumes a statement to be true when it has not been proven to be so.

Example:
Does he, while ploughing, break a plough,-or, while hoeing, break a hoe? It is owing to his carelessness, and for it a slave must always be whipped."

This is begging the question because we don't really know if someone actually got whipped for breaking a hoe. We think this is true because throught the book we see how people got whipped for not doing anything wrong.

Ambiguity

Ambiguity: The multiple meanings, eather intentional or unintentional, of a word, prase, sentence, or passage. Ambiguity implies that either meaning could be correct.

Example:
" I began to want to live upon free land as well as with Freeland;..."

Douglass intentionally created this as an abigous sentence because he's talking about the actual land where he can be free. But at the same time, he says he rather stay with Mr.Freeland because he treated him pretty well. He liked the way he lived with Mr.Freeland but he knew that he would be more happy if he had his freedom, even thought he felt liek he was free with Mr.Freeland.

Clause

Clause: A gramatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought anc can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subcordinate, clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause.

Example:
" I considered him as  getting entirely the worst end of the bargain; for he had drawn no blood from me, but I had from him."

This is a clause because in this quote the independent clause is "I had from him" [talking about the blood] and the dependent clause is "he had drawn no blood from me."

Balanced Sentence

Balanced Sentence: Construction in which both halves of the sentence are about the same length and importance.

Example:
" To be the friend of the one, is of necessity to be the enemy of the other."
(Frederick Douglass, Pg. 150)

This is a balanced sentence because both of the lines are important. The first part talks about being friends with someone that hurt you. And he's saying that if he became friend with one person he must become the enemy of the other one.

Parable

Parable: A brief story from which a lesson may be drawn; Jesus used the parable to teach the followers moral truths. The parable of the Good Samaritan is an example.

Example:
"Whether this prophecy is ever fulfilled or not, it is nevertheless plain that a very different -looking class of people are springing up at the south, and are now held in slavery, from those originally brought to this country from Africa; and if their increase will do no other good, it will do away the force of the argument, that God cursed Ham, and therefore American slavery is right."
 (Frederick Douglass, Pg.5-6)

This is a parable because Douglass takes a exerpt from the bible and relates it to slavery. From this exerpt Douglass describes we learn that Ham was cursed and therefore every black man should be cursed too.

Oxymoron

Oxymoron: (From the Greek, "pointedly foolish) A figure of speech in which an author juxtaposes apparently contradictory terms. A rethorical antithesis.

Example:
" Had he been a man of pure morals himself..."

This is an oxymoron because if Mr.Plummer had such morals then why would he hit Aunt Hester the way he did. Douglass tried to describe his master with morals, but the truth was that he was a drunkard and a swerer that had to such morals. And even Douglass says it that the peopel who knew him knew the way he was.

Pathos

Pathos: Qualities of a work that evoke pity or sorrow. An excess of pathos can create over- emotionalism.

Example:
" "The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped; and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped longest. He would whip her to make her scream, and whip her to make her hush; an not until overcome by fatigue, would he cease to swing the blood-clotted cowskin."
(Frederick Douglass, Pg.7)

This is an example of pathos because Douglass is trying to make us feel the pain the his AUnt was going through. He does this by using cause in effect. He tries very hard to appea to our emotions in this short exerpt.

Versimilitude

Versimilitude: The quality of realism in a work that persuades the reader that he/she is getting a vision of life as it really is.

Example: "The louder she screamed, the harders he whipped; and where the blood ran faster, there he whipped longest. He would whip her to make her scream, and whip her to make her hush; and not until overcome by fatigue, would he cease to swing the blood-clotted cowskin..."

In this scene Douglass saw for the first time how cruel a slave was treated. From there he was what was coming for him. He knew that he soon was going to be treated just like her aunt.

Tone

Tone: Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken than in written language.

Example: ""The white children could tell their ages. I could not tell why I ought to be deprived of the same privilege."
(Frederick Douglass Pg.1)

This could be tone because we see how he feels about slavery. That he thinks it's wrong of all the people that did it. Throught the whole book we see how he hates the fact that they have to be deprived of all the rights all people have.

Rhetorical Modes

Rhetorical Modes:  The flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writting. The four most common moders are exposition, argumentation, description, and narration. These writting modes are sometimes referred to as modes of discourse.

Example: " It cannot be that I shall live and die a slave."
(Frederick Douglass, Pg 83)

Frederick Douglass by this statemtn is narrating how he felt. That he would not stand to be a slave any longer. He had, had enough and he was going to run away because it was not fair that he was born a slave and he was not igoing to die being one.

Stream of Consciousness

Stream of Consciousness- Refers to an attempt on the part of an author to reproduce the unembellished flow of thought in the human mind with its feelings, judgements, associations and memories.

Example: "I do not remember to have ever met a slave that could tell of his birthday."
(Frederick Douglass Pg,1)

Douglass is trying to recall back to see if he could actually remember of a slave who could actually tell his birthday. He lets us know that slaves had no knowledge of anything about them.

Symbolism

Symbolism: Generally, anything that represents, stads for, something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete- such as an aboject, character, action or scene- that represents something more abstract.

Example: The whip in Frederick Douglass.

The whip in the book stands for many things, like suffering, cruelty and injustice. Throught the book we see how the whipe is represented as a bad thing. For example like the first time he saw a whipping in his life. It was the one when his aunt got whipped for no reason. This was injustice. But also when their masters would threaten them that if they did not work they would beat them, that was injustice.

Personafication

Personafication: A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes. Personafication ius used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.

Example: " By far the largest part of the slave know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs."
( Frederick Douglass, pg. 1)

This is an example of personafication because he's comparing the slave to horses. He says that they know , when it's clear that a horse can't think. A horse really do not know that how old they are because they do not have a sence of actually knowing what is going on. On the other hand a slave can think, but their masters do not allow them to know much.

Anticlimax

Anticlimax: A sudden drop form the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial, often for humorous effect.

Example:
"Hey, Big Shot," he teased.
"Hi, Reggie."
"Are you scared?"
"Alittle."
"Are you sure you want to do this?" he asked." I don't think it's a very good idea."
"Why?"
"White folks."
"Huh?"
"You'll stick out like a raisin in a bowl of rice."
Sylvia smiled at the thought, then looked fown at her shoes. "I know," she said with a sight.
(Fire from the Rock, Sharon M. Draper, Pg. 69)

This is an example of anticlimax because the boy Reggie, is trying to make a humorous quote to forget about the real situation. He does not feel like Sylvia going to an integrated school is a good idea. He feels like she's going to get hurt from all the white kids.

Anecdote

Anecdote: A brief recounting of a revelant episode, frequently personal or biographical. Aneccdotes are often inserted into fiction or nonfiction as a way of developing a point or injecting humor.

Example:
" bieng hanged in England is preferable  to dying a natural death in Ireland"

This is an anecdote  because he's talking about how he desired to go to Baltimore, and then he gave this anecdote talking about a prover of Baltimore.

Ad hominem argument/attack :

Ad hominem argumen/attack: A personal attack on the character or other traits of one's opponent rather that an argument agains his or her ideas.

Example: 
" Not everyone, however, was so supportive. One woman, whose rolls of fat under her tight white suit made her look like a yeast bread in the bowl, waddled over to Sylvia and said, "Stick with your own kind, girl. Mixing the races will only get you hurt. They don't want you there. You hear?"

This is an attack agains the lady because the girl was not focusing on the problem. She was more worried about they way the lady looked instead of worrying about herself.

Ellipsis

Ellipsis:  (1) In grammar, the omission of a word or words necessary for complete construction but understood in context; (2) The sign that something has been left out of a quotation.

Example: 
"If looks could kill'..." Mrs. Patterson's voice trailed off and Sylvia rolled her eyes at her sister. 
(Fire from the Rock, Sharon M. Draper, Pg. 58)



This is an example of ab ellipsis because Draper wanted the reader to let them imagine what would have Mrs. Patterson was imagining. 

Abstract Language

Abstract Language: Describing ideas and qualities rather than obsevations or specific things, people, or places. The observable or "physical" is usually described in concrete language.

SONNET 130

My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;
Coral is far more red than her lips' red;
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
I have seen roses damask'd, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks; 
And in some perfumes is there more delight
Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.
I love to hear her speak, yet well I know
That music hath a far more pleasing sound;
I grant I never saw a goddess go;
My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground:
   And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare
   As any she belied with false compare. 

Shakespeare's sonnet contains a lot of abstract language because he uses other words to describe his mistress. LIke her breast are dun, which means that her breast are dark, wires grow in her hair, she has nappy and hard hair. He also says that no such roses see I in her cheeks, which means that her cheeks are not rosey. SHe also smells but he uses "delight" instead. You can tell that she's big because she treads on the ground. SHe has a heavy step. And that she is red, just like their love. But he uses rare instead of saying that their love was wrong. SInce she is a colored woman and he is merried and whith children.